lexgenLex GeneticaLex Genetica3034-16393034-1647МГЮА10.17803/lexgen-2026-5-1-69-80lexgen-99Research ArticleLex Genetica: сравнительно-правовые исследованияLex Genetica: Comparative Legal AnalysisЗащита генома в Бразилии: многоуровневый правовой подходGenomic Protection in Brazil: A Multilevel Legal Approachhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7268-8009БразилД. Р.BrasilD. R.

Дейлтон Р. Бразил, доктор права

Итауна

Deilton R. Brasil, Doctor of Law

Itaúna

https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2708-8332ГуляеваЕ. Е.GulyaevaE. E.

Елена Е. Гуляева, кандидат юридических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры международного права, Дипломатическая академия МГИМО МИД России

Москва

Elena E. Gulyaeva, Candidate of Science (Law), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of International Law

Moscow

gulya-eva@yandex.ruУниверситет ИтауныUniversity of Itaúna (UIT)Дипломатическая академия МГИМО МИД РоссииDiplomatic Academy of MGIMO of Russian Foreign Ministry202616052026516980Copyright © Бразил Д.Р., Гуляева Е.Е., 20262026Бразил Д.Р., Гуляева Е.Е.Brasil D.R., Gulyaeva E.E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://lexgen.msal.ru/jour/article/view/99

Развитие биотехнологий, генетических исследований и медицинских приложений, основанных на данных, вывело геном человека в центр современных правовых дискуссий. В Бразилии защита генома человека не регулируется единым всеобъемлющим законом, а представляет собой многоуровневую правовую систему, которая объединяет конституционные гарантии, правила биобезопасности и защиту персональных данных. Такой нормативный разброс поднимает важные вопросы относительно согласованности, масштаба и эффективности защиты генома в рамках бразильской правовой системы.Целью настоящего исследования является анализ правового режима, применимый к защите генома в Бразилии, путем изучения взаимодействия между Федеральной конституцией 1988 г., Законом № 11105 от 24.03.2005 (Закон о биобезопасности) и Законом № 13709 от 14.08.2018 (Общий закон о защите данных). Цель исследования – продемонстрировать, как эти нормативные уровни взаимодополняющим образом обеспечивают защиту генома человека как юридически защищенного интереса, связанного с достоинством, личностью, неприкосновенностью частной жизни и недискриминацией.Основной исследовательский вопрос можно сформулировать следующим образом: в какой степени взаимосвязь между конституционными принципами, нормами биобезопасности и правилами защиты данных обеспечивает адекватную и согласованную основу для защиты генома человека в Бразилии, особенно в условиях научных инноваций и растущей обработки генетических данных? Этот вопрос отражает противоречие между технологическим прогрессом, научной свободой и необходимостью защиты основных прав.На основе проведенного исследования сделан вывод о том, что, несмотря на фрагментарность, бразильская правовая система устанавливает интегрированный режим защиты генома, в котором конституционные принципы служат нормативной основой; Закон № 11105 от 24.03.2005 (Закон о биобезопасности) устанавливает этические и технические ограничения на генетические исследования, а Закон № 13709 от 14.08.2018 (Общий закон о защите данных) обеспечивает информационное самоопределение и гарантирует защиту от неправомерного использования генетических данных. Однако отсутствие единой законодательной базы порождает проблемы толкования, требующие систематического и телеологического правового анализа.

The development of biotechnologies, genetic research, and data-driven health applications has brought the human genome to the center of contemporary legal debates. In Brazil, the protection of the human genome does not derive from a single, comprehensive statute, but rather from a multilevel legal framework that combines constitutional guarantees, biosafety regulation, and personal data protection. This normative dispersion raises relevant questions concerning the coherence, scope, and effectiveness of genomic protection within the Brazilian legal system. This research, which sets out to analyze the legal regime applicable to genomic protection in Brazil, focuses on the interrelation of three foundational legal instruments: the 1988 Federal Constitution, the Biosafety Law (Law No. 11,105/2005), and the General Data Protection Law (Law No. 13,709/2018). The central purpose is to show that these different levels of regulation do not function in isolation, but rather converge in a coordinated manner to collectively establish the human genome as a legal value deserving of special protection and targeted normative attention connected to the imperatives of dignity, privacy and non-discriminatory treatment. The research was guided by the following question: to what extent does the convergence of constitutional principles, biosafety standards, and data protection regulations establish a cohesive legal model capable of safeguarding genomic integrity in Brazil, given the accelerating pace of biotechnology and the broadening reach of genetic data handling? The research sustains the hypothesis that, although fragmented, the Brazilian legal system establishes an integrated regime of genomic protection, in which constitutional principles serve as the normative foundation, the Law No. 11,105 of March 24, 2005 (Biosafety Law) imposes ethical and technical limits on genetic research, and the Law No. 13,709 of August 14, 2018 (General Data Protection) ensures informational selfdetermination and safeguards against misuse of genetic data. However, the absence of a unified statutory framework engenders interpretative challenges that demand systematic and teleological legal analysis.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.