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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lexgen</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Lex Genetica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lex Genetica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3034-1639</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-1647</issn><publisher><publisher-name>МГЮА</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17803/lexgen-2026-5-1-28-46</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lexgen-97</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Lex Genetica: публично-правовое измерение</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Lex Genetica: Public -Law Dimension</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Правовое регулирование обращения генетически модифицированных организмов в сельском хозяйстве: риски и возможности для продовольственной безопасности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Legal Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture: Risks and Opportunities for Food Security</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пономарёва</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ponomareva</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дарья В. Пономарёва, кандидат юридических наук, доцент, заместитель заведующего кафедрой практической юриспруденции, доцент кафедры медицинского права и права биотехнологий</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria V. Ponomareva, Candidate of Science (Law), Associate Professor, Deputy Chief of the Chair of Practical Jurisprudence, Associate Professor of the Department of Medical Law and the Law of Biotechnology</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dvponomareva@msal.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет имени О.Е. Кутафина (МГЮА)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>28</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пономарёва Д.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пономарёва Д.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ponomareva D.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://lexgen.msal.ru/jour/article/view/97">https://lexgen.msal.ru/jour/article/view/97</self-uri><abstract><p>Целью настоящего исследования является комплексный анализ международных и зарубежных подходов к правовому регулированию обращения генетически модифицированных организмов (ГМО) и продуктов, полученных с помощью новых методов селекции (в частности, технологий редактирования генома), в контексте продовольственной безопасности. В статье проанализированы нормативные правовые акты и правоприменительная практика, сложившаяся в различных юрисдикциях, с целью выявления наиболее эффективных моделей управления рисками и стимулирования инноваций в аграрном секторе.Представленное исследование основано на сравнительно-правовом методе, позволяющем сопоставить регуляторные подходы Европейского союза (далее – ЕС), государств, не входящих в состав ЕС, стран Северной и Южной Америки, Африки и Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона. Автором рассмотрены ключевые международные документы (Картахенский протокол по биобезопасности), а также национальное законодательство в сфере оценки рисков и классификации продуктов редактирования генома. Особое внимание уделяется дихотомии процессного и продуктового подходов к регулированию.Исследование показало, что во всем мире сложилась дифференцированная система регулирования. Ряд стран (США, Канада, Аргентина и Австралия) демонстрируют гибкость, внедряя научно обоснованные методы оценки рисков, позволяющие продуктам точного мутагенеза избежать строгого контроля, присущего ГМО. Напротив, Европейский союз, Новая Зеландия и некоторые другие страны придерживаются так называемого процессного подхода, распространяя требования национального законодательства на все организмы, подвергшиеся генному редактированию. В развивающихся странах и регионах (Африка и Латинская Америка) наблюдается фрагментация регулирования, варьирующаяся от прямых запретов до активного продвижения биотехнологий. В заключение представлен вывод о том, что отсутствие согласованных международных стандартов создает барьеры для торговли и инноваций, которые могли бы решить проблемы продовольственной безопасности, тогда как предсказуемое и прозрачное регулирование является условием для коммерциализации продуктов современной биотехнологии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The author carries out a review of international and national approaches to the legal regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and products derived using new breeding technologies (such as genome editing) in the context of food security. Relevant legal acts and law enforcement practices across various jurisdictions are analyzed with the purpose of identifying the most effective risk management models and approaches that promote innovation in the agricultural sector.A comparative law method was used to compare the regulatory approaches applied in the EU, non-EU countries, countries of the North and South America, Africa, and the Asia-Pacific region. The key international (the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety) and national legislation documents in the field of risk assessment and classification of genome editing products are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the dichotomy of “process” and “product” regulative approaches.The study identified the emergence of a highly differentiated regulatory system at the global level. Countries, such as the USA, Canada, Argentina, and Australia, apply flexible, evidence-based risk assessment frameworks that exempt products of precise mutagenesis from strict GMO-specific regulation. In contrast, the EU, New Zealand and several other jurisdictions follow a “process”-based approach, subjecting all gene-edited organisms to national legislation. In developing countries, including Africa and Latin America, regulatory fragmentation is observed, ranging from restrictive bans to promotion of biotechnologies. In conclusion, the lack of harmonized international standards creates barriers to trade and innovation relevant to food security. Predictable and transparent regulation remains essential for the commercialization of modern biotechnological products.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>продовольственная безопасность</kwd><kwd>правовое регулирование</kwd><kwd>международное право</kwd><kwd>региональное регулирование</kwd><kwd>национальное законодательство</kwd><kwd>продовольственная политика</kwd><kwd>доступ к продовольствию</kwd><kwd>генетически модифицированные организмы</kwd><kwd>ГМО</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>food security</kwd><kwd>legal regulation</kwd><kwd>international law</kwd><kwd>regional regulation</kwd><kwd>national legislation</kwd><kwd>food policy</kwd><kwd>access to food</kwd><kwd>genetically modified organisms</kwd><kwd>GMOs</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Atanassova, A., Keiper, F. (2018). 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