<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lexgen</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Lex Genetica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lex Genetica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3034-1639</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-1647</issn><publisher><publisher-name>МГЮА</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17803/lexgen-2025-4-2-47-62</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lexgen-70</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Lex Genetica: сравнительно-правовые исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Lex Genetica: Comparative Legal Analysis</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Правовое регулирование нейротехнологий: игра без правил или жесткий контроль?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Legal Regulation of Neurotechnology: Unregulated or Heavily Controlled?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Посадкова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Posadkova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мария В. Посадкова, кандидат юридических наук, доцент кафедры медицинского права; член Экспертного cовета по редким (орфанным) заболеваниям при Комитете по охране здоровья Государственной Думы Российской Федерации; руководитель правовой службы</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria V. Posadkova, Candidate of Science (Law), Associate Professor of Medical Law Department; Member of the Expert Council on Rare (Orphan) Diseases under the Health Protection Committee of the State Duma of the Russian Federation; Head of Legal Service</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">posadkova_m_v@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Брежнева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Brezhneva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатерина А. Брежнева, юрист по защите прав пациентов </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Brezhneva, Patient Advocate </p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова ; Благотворительный фонд «Подсолнух»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University ; Sunflower Charity Foundation</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Благотворительный фонд «Подсолнух»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sunflower Charity Foundation</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>47</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Посадкова М.В., Брежнева Е.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Посадкова М.В., Брежнева Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Posadkova M.V., Brezhneva E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://lexgen.msal.ru/jour/article/view/70">https://lexgen.msal.ru/jour/article/view/70</self-uri><abstract><p>В данной работе рассмотрены вопросы правового регулирования нейротехнологий, а также представлен сравнительно-правовой анализ судебной практики по их применению. Цель исследования заключается в оценке сбалансированности действующего законодательства в Российской Федерации и в определении необходимости создания специального правового регулирования нейротехнологий на международном и национальном уровнях. В ходе анализа авторами сделаны заключения о том, что действующее российское законодательство фрагментарно и затрагивает лишь основы внедрения нейротехнологий, применяемых исключительно в медицинских целях, вопреки имеющемуся потенциалу. Для сравнения, в зарубежном законодательстве некоторых стран отслеживается активный процесс создания специального правового регулирования, что продемонстрировано анализом нормативных актов Республики Чили, Франции и США.На международном уровне вопросам внедрения в практику нейротехнологий также уделено некоторое внимание. Такие организации, как Организация Объединенных Наций по вопросам образования, науки и культуры (ЮНЕСКО), Организация Объединенных Наций (ООН), Организация экономического сотрудничества и развития (ОЭСР), проводят исследования и принимают положения для создания системы принципов и мер защиты существующих прав человека и признания нейроправ. Однако в настоящее время это выражено только в актах «мягкого права» и этических принципах, которые не могут оказать существенного влияния на национальных регуляторов.В заключение сделан вывод о необходимости создания специального регулирования нейротехнологий как на международном, так и на национальном уровнях ввиду специфики их воздействия на человека и значимых угроз нарушения прав личности. Нововведения способствуют созданию справедливого баланса между прогрессом в области технологий и правами человека.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A comparative legal analysis of judicial practice regarding the application of neurotechnologies reveals issues involved in the legal regulation of such novel technologies. The study considers the balance of current legislation in the Russian Federation to determine the need for creating specialized legal regulations for neurotechnologies at both international and national levels. The fragmentary nature of current Russian legislation, which addresses basic issues associated with the introduction of neurotechnologies used exclusively for medical purposes, does not fully reflect their existing potential. As shown by the comparative analysis of the regulatory acts of the Republic of Chile, France, and the USA, the active development of specialized legal regulation is already taking place in these countries. At the international level, UNESCO, UN, and OECD studies and guidelines are aimed at establishing a system of principles and measures to protect existing human rights while recognizing emerging neuro-rights. However, such sof t law instruments and ethical principles have limited impact on national regulators. Thus, due to the specific nature of their impact on human beings and the significant risks of violating individual rights, special regulation of neurotechnologies is necessary at both international and national levels. Such legislative innovations will contribute to establishing a fair balance between technological progress and human rights.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейротехнологии</kwd><kwd>нейроправа</kwd><kwd>права человека</kwd><kwd>международное право</kwd><kwd>мягкое право</kwd><kwd>медицинское право</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neurotechnology</kwd><kwd>neurolaw</kwd><kwd>human rights</kwd><kwd>international law</kwd><kwd>sof t law</kwd><kwd>medical law</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Briceño, J.D. (2024). Privacy in the Age of Neurotechnology: Guido Girardi Lavín v. Emotiv, Inc. Global Privacy Law Review, 5(2), 88–92. https://doi.org/10.54648/gplr2024013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Briceño, J.D. (2024). Privacy in the Age of Neurotechnology: Guido Girardi Lavín v. Emotiv, Inc. Global Privacy Law Review, 5(2), 88–92. https://doi.org/10.54648/gplr2024013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davis, N.J. (2013). Neurodoping: brain stimulation as a performance-enhancing measure. Sports Medicine, 43, 649–653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0027-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davis, N.J. (2013). Neurodoping: brain stimulation as a performance-enhancing measure. Sports Medicine, 43, 649–653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0027-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farinella, F., Gulyaeva, E.E. (2022). Human neuro-rights. Revista Quaestio Iuris, 15(1), 278–299. https://doi.org/10.12957/rqi.2022.64141</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farinella, F., Gulyaeva, E.E. (2022). Human neuro-rights. Revista Quaestio Iuris, 15(1), 278–299. https://doi.org/10.12957/rqi.2022.64141</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flores Filho, E.G.J., Firmo, M.C. (2023). Human dignity and neurorights in the digital age. Brazilian Journal of Law, Technology and Innovation, 1(2), 87–107. https://doi.org/10.59224/bjlti.v1i2.87-107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flores Filho, E.G.J., Firmo, M.C. (2023). Human dignity and neurorights in the digital age. Brazilian Journal of Law, Technology and Innovation, 1(2), 87–107. https://doi.org/10.59224/bjlti.v1i2.87-107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hertz, N. (2023). Neurorights–do we need new human rights? A reconsideration of the right to freedom of thought. Neuroethics, 16, 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-022-09511-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hertz, N. (2023). Neurorights–do we need new human rights? A reconsideration of the right to freedom of thought. Neuroethics, 16, 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-022-09511-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ienca, M., Andorno, R. (2017). Towards new human rights in the age of neuroscience and neurotechnology. Life Sciences, Society and Policy, 13, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40504-017-0050-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ienca, M., Andorno, R. (2017). Towards new human rights in the age of neuroscience and neurotechnology. Life Sciences, Society and Policy, 13, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40504-017-0050-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Bioethics Committee of UNESCO. (2022). Ethical issues of neurotechnology: report, adopted in December 2021. https://doi.org/10.54678/QNKB6229</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Bioethics Committee of UNESCO. (2022). Ethical issues of neurotechnology: report, adopted in December 2021. https://doi.org/10.54678/QNKB6229</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jwa, A.S., Poldrack, R.A. (2022). Addressing privacy risk in neuroscience data: from data protection to harm prevention. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 9(2), lsac025. https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsac025</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jwa, A.S., Poldrack, R.A. (2022). Addressing privacy risk in neuroscience data: from data protection to harm prevention. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 9(2), lsac025. https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsac025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kawala-Sterniuk, A., Browarska, N., Al-Bakri, A., Pelc, M., Zygarlicki, J., Sidikova, M., ... Gorzelanczyk, E.J. (2021). Summary of over fif ty years with brain-computer interfaces—a review. Brain Sciences, 11(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010043</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kawala-Sterniuk, A., Browarska, N., Al-Bakri, A., Pelc, M., Zygarlicki, J., Sidikova, M., ... Gorzelanczyk, E.J. (2021). Summary of over fif ty years with brain-computer interfaces—a review. Brain Sciences, 11(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010043</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li, Z.J., Zhang, L.B., Chen, Y.X., Hu, L. (2023). Advancements and challenges in neuromodulation technology: interdisciplinary opportunities and collaborative endeavors. Science Bulletin, 68(18), 1978–1982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2023.08.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li, Z.J., Zhang, L.B., Chen, Y.X., Hu, L. (2023). Advancements and challenges in neuromodulation technology: interdisciplinary opportunities and collaborative endeavors. Science Bulletin, 68(18), 1978–1982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2023.08.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ligthart, S., Ienca, M., Meynen, G., Molnar-Gabor, F., Andorno, R., Bublitz, C., ... Kellmeyer, P. (2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ligthart, S., Ienca, M., Meynen, G., Molnar-Gabor, F., Andorno, R., Bublitz, C., ... Kellmeyer, P. (2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Minding rights: Mapping ethical and legal foundations of ‘neurorights’. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 32(4), 461–481. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0963180123000245</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minding rights: Mapping ethical and legal foundations of ‘neurorights’. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 32(4), 461–481. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0963180123000245</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muñoz, J.M., Marinaro, J.Á. (2023). Neurorights as reconceptualized human rights. Frontiers in Political Science, 5, 1322922. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2023.1322922</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muñoz, J.M., Marinaro, J.Á. (2023). Neurorights as reconceptualized human rights. Frontiers in Political Science, 5, 1322922. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2023.1322922</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murphy, E.R., Rissman, J. (2020). Evidence of memory from brain data. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 7(1), lsaa078. https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsaa078</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murphy, E.R., Rissman, J. (2020). Evidence of memory from brain data. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 7(1), lsaa078. https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsaa078</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pugh, J., Pycrof t, L., Sandberg, A., Aziz, T., Savulescu, J. (2018). Brainjacking in deep brain stimulation and autonomy. Ethics and Information Technology, 20, 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-018-9466-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pugh, J., Pycrof t, L., Sandberg, A., Aziz, T., Savulescu, J. (2018). Brainjacking in deep brain stimulation and autonomy. Ethics and Information Technology, 20, 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-018-9466-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pycroft, L., Boccard, S.G., Owen, S.L., Stein, J.F., Fitzgerald, J.J., Green, A.L., Aziz, T.Z. (2016). Brainjacking: implant security issues in invasive neuromodulation. World Neurosurgery, 92, 454–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.05.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pycroft, L., Boccard, S.G., Owen, S.L., Stein, J.F., Fitzgerald, J.J., Green, A.L., Aziz, T.Z. (2016). Brainjacking: implant security issues in invasive neuromodulation. World Neurosurgery, 92, 454–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.05.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tortora, L., Meynen, G., Bijlsma, J., Tronci, E., Ferracuti, S. (2020). Neuroprediction and AI in forensic psychiatry and criminal justice: A neurolaw perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 220. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00220</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tortora, L., Meynen, G., Bijlsma, J., Tronci, E., Ferracuti, S. (2020). Neuroprediction and AI in forensic psychiatry and criminal justice: A neurolaw perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 220. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00220</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yen, C., Lin, C.L., Chiang, M.C. (2023). Exploring the frontiers of neuroimaging: a review of recent advances in understanding brain functioning and disorders. Life, 13(7), 1472. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13071472</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yen, C., Lin, C.L., Chiang, M.C. (2023). Exploring the frontiers of neuroimaging: a review of recent advances in understanding brain functioning and disorders. Life, 13(7), 1472. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13071472</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
