lexgenLex GeneticaLex Genetica3034-16393034-1647МГЮА10.17803/lexgen-2025-4-1-54-66lexgen-62Research ArticleLex Genetica: сравнительно-правовые исследованияLex Genetica: Comparative Legal AnalysisЭтический и правовой ландшафт блокчейна в генетических исследованияхEthical and Legal Landscape of Blockchain in Genetic ResearchТрикозЕ. Н.TrikozE. N.

Елена Н. Трикоз, кандидат юридических наук, доцент кафедры теории права и сравнительного правоведения; доцент кафедры международного права; доцент юридического института РУДН 

Москва 

Elena N. Trikoz, Candidate of Science (Law), Associate Professor, Department of Theory of Law and Comparative Law; Associate Professor, International Law Department; Associate Professor of the Law Institute, RUDN University 

Moscow 

СидороваН. О.SidorovaN. O.

Наталья О. Сидорова, Дипломатическая академия МИД России

Москва 

Natalya O. Sidorova, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation

Moscow 

ГуляеваЕ. Е.GulyaevaE. E.

Елена Е. Гуляева, кандидат юридических наук, доцент кафедры международного права

Москва 

Elena E. Gulyaeva, Candidate of Science (Law), Associate Professor, International Law Department

Moscow 

gulya-eva@yandex.ruУниверситет МГИМО МИД России; Дипломатическая академия МИД РоссииMGIMO University of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Ministry of Foreign AffairsНациональное центральное бюро ИнтерполаInterpol National Central BureauДипломатическая академия МИД РоссииDiplomatic Academy of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs202508052025415466Copyright © Трикоз Е.Н., Сидорова Н.О., Гуляева Е.Е., 20252025Трикоз Е.Н., Сидорова Н.О., Гуляева Е.Е.Trikoz E.N., Sidorova N.O., Gulyaeva E.E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://lexgen.msal.ru/jour/article/view/62

Статья посвящена использованию технологии блокчейн в генетике и вопросам согласования интересов при решении этических и правовых проблем в этой области. Бурное развитие медицины и биотехнологий вызвало повышенный интерес общественности к генетическим данным, увеличив количество научных исследований в области генетики. Это ставит перед учеными новые задачи, связанные с обеспечением надежной защиты и конфиденциальности больших объемов генетической информации. Уникальные характеристики блокчейна способствуют повышению уровня безопасности, надежности и конфиденциальности генетической информации. Благодаря децентрализации и неизменности своей структуры технология блокчейн облегчает процессы хранения и управления конфиденциальными генетическими данными. Кроме того, авторы рассматривают возможность объединения особенностей ДНК и блокчейна, выдвигая гипотезу о перспективах создания новых форм искусственной жизни на основе технологии блокчейн.Целью исследования является выяснение значения блокчейна в генетике и возможного влияния этой технологии на научное развитие и регулирование ключевых правовых аспектов. Авторы утверждают, что сегодня блокчейн является надежным средством хранения генетической информации. Кроме того, существует вероятность, что эта технология станет основой для формирования искусственных живых существ в недалеком будущем. Несмотря на преимущества, которые имеют такие искусственно созданные организмы перед естественными формами жизни, они останутся зависимыми от человеческого руководства и повлекут за собой необходимость решения новых правовых и этических дилемм.

This article considers the application of blockchain technology in genetic research. The authors also pay attention to the harmonization of interests while addressing ethical and legal issues. Rapid progress in medicine and biotechnology has attracted considerable public interest to genetic information, which thus increased the amount of research in the field of genetics. Consequently, the scientific community faces new challenges pertaining to safe storage and confidentiality of vast genetic datasets. Given the unique properties of blockchain technology, it contributes to the safety, integrity and confidentiality of genetic information. The decentralized and immutable structure of blockchain simplifies safekeeping and administration of confidential genetic data. The article also explores theoretical compatibility between the structure of DNA and blockchain, hypothesizing the potential for developing artificial life forms based on blockchain technology.The main objective of the research is to define the role of blockchain in genetics and its potential influence on the development of science and resolution of crucial legal issues. The authors conclude that blockchain technology is nowadays a reliable repository of genetic data. Moreover, this technology can form the foundation for the creation of artificial life in the short term. Although artificially created organisms may have an advantage over living organisms, they cannot exist without human control and will generate new ethical and legal issues that will require careful resolution.

генетические исследованияблокчейнискусственная жизньконфиденциальность данныхgenetic researchblockchainartificial lifedata privacyReferencesAbramov, O., Bebell, K.L., Mojzsis, S.J. (2021). Emergent bioanalogous properties of blockchain-based distributed systems. Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, 51(2), 131–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-021-09608-1Abramov, O., Bebell, K.L., Mojzsis, S.J. (2021). Emergent bioanalogous properties of blockchain-based distributed systems. Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, 51(2), 131–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-021-09608-1Agbo, C.C., Mahmoud, Q.H., Eklund, J.M. (2019, April). Blockchain technology in healthcare: a systematic review. Healthcare, 7(2), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7020056Agbo, C.C., Mahmoud, Q.H., Eklund, J.M. (2019, April). Blockchain technology in healthcare: a systematic review. Healthcare, 7(2), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7020056Alison, I. (2016, March 3). Guardtime secures over a million Estonian healthcare records on the blockchain. International business Business Times. Available at: https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/guardtime-securesover-million-estonian-healthcare-records-blockchain-1547367Alison, I. (2016, March 3). Guardtime secures over a million Estonian healthcare records on the blockchain. International business Business Times. Available at: https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/guardtime-securesover-million-estonian-healthcare-records-blockchain-1547367Balis, C., Tagopoulos, I., Dimola, K. (2019). Moving towards a blockchain-based healthcare information system. In: Health Informatics Vision: From Data via Information to Knowledge (pp. 168–171). IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/SHTI190044Balis, C., Tagopoulos, I., Dimola, K. (2019). Moving towards a blockchain-based healthcare information system. In: Health Informatics Vision: From Data via Information to Knowledge (pp. 168–171). IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/SHTI190044Benchoufi, M., Ravaud, P. (2017). Blockchain technology for improving clinical research quality. Trials, 18(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-017-2035-zBenchoufi, M., Ravaud, P. (2017). Blockchain technology for improving clinical research quality. Trials, 18(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-017-2035-zChicca, D. (2018, May 14). A blockchain for genetic codes. theCryptonomist. Available at: https://en.cryptonomist.ch/2018/05/14/a-blockchain-for-genetic-codes-as-well/Chicca, D. (2018, May 14). A blockchain for genetic codes. theCryptonomist. Available at: https://en.cryptonomist.ch/2018/05/14/a-blockchain-for-genetic-codes-as-well/Collins, B. (2024, February 27). Nvidia CEO predicts the death of coding – Jensen Huang says AI will do the work, so kids don’t need to learn. Techradarpro. Available at: https://www.techradar.com/pro/nvidia-ceo-predicts-the-death-of-coding-jensen-huang-says-ai-will-do-the-work-so-kidsdont-need-to-learnCollins, B. (2024, February 27). Nvidia CEO predicts the death of coding – Jensen Huang says AI will do the work, so kids don’t need to learn. Techradarpro. Available at: https://www.techradar.com/pro/nvidia-ceo-predicts-the-death-of-coding-jensen-huang-says-ai-will-do-the-work-so-kidsdont-need-to-learnGulyaeva, E.E., Trikoz, E.N., Brasil, D.R., Torres Manrique, J.I. (2024). Balancing Bio- ethics and Legal Frontiers: A Case study of Brazil’s Supreme Federal Court Decision on Embryonic Stem Cell Research. Lex Genetica, 3(1), 68–81. https://doi.org/10.17803/lexgen-2024-3-1-68-81Gulyaeva, E.E., Trikoz, E.N., Brasil, D.R., Torres Manrique, J.I. (2024). Balancing Bio- ethics and Legal Frontiers: A Case study of Brazil’s Supreme Federal Court Decision on Embryonic Stem Cell Research. Lex Genetica, 3(1), 68–81. https://doi.org/10.17803/lexgen-2024-3-1-68-81Habicht, T., Reinap, M., Kasekamp, K., Sikkut, R., Aaben, L., van Ginneken, E., World Health Organization. (2018). Estonia: Health System Review. Health Systems in Transition, 20(1). Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/330201/HiT-20-1-2018-eng.pdf?sequence=18&isAllowed=yHabicht, T., Reinap, M., Kasekamp, K., Sikkut, R., Aaben, L., van Ginneken, E., World Health Organization. (2018). Estonia: Health System Review. Health Systems in Transition, 20(1). Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/330201/HiT-20-1-2018-eng.pdf?sequence=18&isAllowed=yHerting, A. (2014, November 17). Genecoin Developers on Storing DNA with Bitcoin and ‘Growing Blockchain Creatures’. Cointelegraph. Available at: https://cointelegraph.com/news/genecoin-developers-on-storing-dna-with-bitcoin-and-growing-blockchain-creaturesHerting, A. (2014, November 17). Genecoin Developers on Storing DNA with Bitcoin and ‘Growing Blockchain Creatures’. Cointelegraph. Available at: https://cointelegraph.com/news/genecoin-developers-on-storing-dna-with-bitcoin-and-growing-blockchain-creaturesHigh, P. (2018, January 15). Lessons From The Most Digitally Advanced Country In The World. Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterhigh/2018/01/15/lessons-from-the-most-digitallyadvanced-country-in-the-world/High, P. (2018, January 15). Lessons From The Most Digitally Advanced Country In The World. Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterhigh/2018/01/15/lessons-from-the-most-digitallyadvanced-country-in-the-world/Johnson, M., Jones, M., Shervey, M., Dudley, J.T., Zimmerman, N. (2019). Building a secure biomedical data sharing decentralized app (DApp): tutorial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(10), e13601. https://doi.org/10.2196/13601Johnson, M., Jones, M., Shervey, M., Dudley, J.T., Zimmerman, N. (2019). Building a secure biomedical data sharing decentralized app (DApp): tutorial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(10), e13601. https://doi.org/10.2196/13601Kalinichenko, P.A., Ponomareva, D.V. (2019). Ethical and Legal Aspects of Regulating Genomic Research in International and Russian Practice. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety, 64(5), 69–70. (In Russ). https://doi.org/10.12737/1024-6177-2019-64-5-69-70Kalinichenko, P.A., Ponomareva, D.V. (2019). Ethical and Legal Aspects of Regulating Genomic Research in International and Russian Practice. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety, 64(5), 69–70. (In Russ). https://doi.org/10.12737/1024-6177-2019-64-5-69-70Koepsell, D. (2019, December 19). Your Most Sensitive Data. Medium. Available at: https://medium.com/dataseries/your-most-sensitive-data-4da37c966e43Koepsell, D. (2019, December 19). Your Most Sensitive Data. Medium. Available at: https://medium.com/dataseries/your-most-sensitive-data-4da37c966e43Koepsell, D., Covarrubias, M.V.G. (2022). Blockchains and genomics: promises and limits of technology. In: Blockchain in Life Sciences (pp. 69–84). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.Koepsell, D., Covarrubias, M.V.G. (2022). Blockchains and genomics: promises and limits of technology. In: Blockchain in Life Sciences (pp. 69–84). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.Kubyshkin, A.V., Kosilkin, S.V. (2021). International Legal Regulation of Genetic Research and Implementation of International Legal Standards in this sphere into Russian Legislation. RUDN Journal of Law, 25(1), 107–125. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2021-25-1-107-125Kubyshkin, A.V., Kosilkin, S.V. (2021). International Legal Regulation of Genetic Research and Implementation of International Legal Standards in this sphere into Russian Legislation. RUDN Journal of Law, 25(1), 107–125. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2021-25-1-107-125Kubyshkin, A.V., Kosilkin, S.V. Astrelina, T.A. (2019) International legal regulation of genetic research, biobanking, bioinformatics and human reproduction: analysis of the main international legal acts. International Legal Courier, (2), 29–34. (In Russ.).Kubyshkin, A.V., Kosilkin, S.V. Astrelina, T.A. (2019) International legal regulation of genetic research, biobanking, bioinformatics and human reproduction: analysis of the main international legal acts. International Legal Courier, (2), 29–34. (In Russ.).Kulemin, N., Popov, S., Gorbachev, A. (2017). The Zenome Project: Whitepaper blockchain-based genomic ecosystem. Available at: https://zenome.io/download/whitepaper.pdfKulemin, N., Popov, S., Gorbachev, A. (2017). The Zenome Project: Whitepaper blockchain-based genomic ecosystem. Available at: https://zenome.io/download/whitepaper.pdfKvachadze, M.O. (1999). Experiments in the field of genetic engineering and legal issues. Moscow Journal of International Law, (3), 3–10. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-1999-3-3-10Kvachadze, M.O. (1999). Experiments in the field of genetic engineering and legal issues. Moscow Journal of International Law, (3), 3–10. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-1999-3-3-10Litvin, А.А., Korenev, S.V., Knyazeva, Е.G., Litvin, V. (2019). The Possibilities of Blockchain Technology in Medicine (Review). Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine = Modern Technologies in Medicine, 11(4), 191–199. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17691/stm2019.11.4.21Litvin, А.А., Korenev, S.V., Knyazeva, Е.G., Litvin, V. (2019). The Possibilities of Blockchain Technology in Medicine (Review). Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine = Modern Technologies in Medicine, 11(4), 191–199. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17691/stm2019.11.4.21Mathur, G., Pandey, A., Goyal, S. (2024). A review on blockchain for DNA sequence: security issues, application in DNA classification, challenges and future trends. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 83(2), 5813–5835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15857-1Mathur, G., Pandey, A., Goyal, S. (2024). A review on blockchain for DNA sequence: security issues, application in DNA classification, challenges and future trends. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 83(2), 5813–5835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15857-1Menezes, N. (2022, July 29). FarmaTrust: A Blockchain-Based Platform to Eliminate Counterfeit Drugs in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Crypto.news. Available at: https://crypto.news/farmatrust-blockchain-based-platform-eliminate-counterfeit-drugs-pharmaceutical-industry/Menezes, N. (2022, July 29). FarmaTrust: A Blockchain-Based Platform to Eliminate Counterfeit Drugs in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Crypto.news. Available at: https://crypto.news/farmatrust-blockchain-based-platform-eliminate-counterfeit-drugs-pharmaceutical-industry/Nagrodskaya, V.B. (2023). New technologies (blockchain / artificial intelligence) in the service of law: scientific and methodological manual. Moscow, Prospect Publ. (In Russ.).Nagrodskaya, V.B. (2023). New technologies (blockchain / artificial intelligence) in the service of law: scientific and methodological manual. Moscow, Prospect Publ. (In Russ.).Nedyuk, M. (2019, January 4). Ethics in genetics: scientists are developing a code of genomic research. Izvestiya. Available at: https://iz.ru/819496/mariia-nediuk/etika-v-genetike-uchenye-razrabatyvaiut-kodeks-genomnykh-issledovanii. (In Russ).Nedyuk, M. (2019, January 4). Ethics in genetics: scientists are developing a code of genomic research. Izvestiya. Available at: https://iz.ru/819496/mariia-nediuk/etika-v-genetike-uchenye-razrabatyvaiut-kodeks-genomnykh-issledovanii. (In Russ).Nehme, E., El Sibai, R., Bou Abdo, J., Taylor, A.R., Demerjian, J. (2022). Converged AI, IoT, and blockchain technologies: a conceptual ethics framework. AI and Ethics, 2(1), 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00079-8Nehme, E., El Sibai, R., Bou Abdo, J., Taylor, A.R., Demerjian, J. (2022). Converged AI, IoT, and blockchain technologies: a conceptual ethics framework. AI and Ethics, 2(1), 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00079-8Ozercan, H.I., Ileri, A.M., Ayday, E., Alkan, C. (2018). Realizing the potential of blockchain technologies in genomics. Genome Research, 28(9), 1255–1263. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.207464.116Ozercan, H.I., Ileri, A.M., Ayday, E., Alkan, C. (2018). Realizing the potential of blockchain technologies in genomics. Genome Research, 28(9), 1255–1263. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.207464.116Pérez-Marco, R. (2016). Bitcoin and decentralized trust protocols. The European Mathematical Society, (100), 31–38.Pérez-Marco, R. (2016). Bitcoin and decentralized trust protocols. The European Mathematical Society, (100), 31–38.Ravelo, J.L. (2019, June 11). Tech solutions to fight fake medicines. Devex. Available at: https://www.devex.com/news/tech-solutions-to-fight-fake-medicines-94922Ravelo, J.L. (2019, June 11). Tech solutions to fight fake medicines. Devex. Available at: https://www.devex.com/news/tech-solutions-to-fight-fake-medicines-94922Sergeev, Y.D., Mokhov, A.A., Yavorskiy, A.N. (2019). Pilot (experimental) legal regime for national biomedical science and practice. Medical Law, (4), 3–13. (In Russ.).Sergeev, Y.D., Mokhov, A.A., Yavorskiy, A.N. (2019). Pilot (experimental) legal regime for national biomedical science and practice. Medical Law, (4), 3–13. (In Russ.).Takhokhov, B. (2021, August 25). A new form of life will be created with the help of blockchain. Maff. Available at: https://maff.io/media/blockchain_life/?ysclid=lt1e8g9pfl154935800. (In Russ.).Takhokhov, B. (2021, August 25). A new form of life will be created with the help of blockchain. Maff. Available at: https://maff.io/media/blockchain_life/?ysclid=lt1e8g9pfl154935800. (In Russ.).Watson, J.D., Berry, A., Davies, K. (2017). DNA: The story Story of the genetic Genetic Revolution. New York: Knopf.Watson, J.D., Berry, A., Davies, K. (2017). DNA: The story Story of the genetic Genetic Revolution. New York: Knopf.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.